Contents: Inspection and verification ⇩ Table of signs of malfunction ⇩ Pinpoint tests ⇩ Element checks ⇩ Graphic images ⇩
This guide covers all the topics you need to know to effectively repair your car.
This manual consists of five main sections: "General Information", "Chassis", "Powertrain", "Electrical Equipment", "Body and Paintwork". Each of these sections is dedicated to the corresponding unit or system of the vehicle.
Each of the five main sections also contains subsections devoted to the parts that make up the system under consideration.
In cases where disassembly or dismantling of parts must be performed in a certain sequence, each operation of such sequence is assigned a number. In addition, this is graphically displayed in the accompanying illustration.
All references to the left or right side of a vehicle are determined by the driver's position when seated and looking forward.
All references to left or right side relating to the engine are determined by the position of the flywheel facing towards the front camshaft pulley.
Inspection and verification
Visual inspection charts, symptom charts and other information charts (such as charts containing diagnostic programs), additional test procedures with technical specifications will direct the user to a specific test procedure.
Table of signs of malfunction
The troubleshooting table lists the troubleshooting symptoms, the causes of the trouble, and the steps needed to find the cause.
Pinpoint tests
When diagnosing electrical systems, Pinpoint tests are used to determine the source of the problem. Testing is performed in a logical, step-by-step sequence. Pinpoint tests are divided into two columns: STATES and DETAILS/RESULTS/ACTIONS.
The "STATUS" column is used solely to provide graphical information and pictograms (with or without captions), while the "DETAILS/RESULTS/ACTIONS" column directs the mechanic to another check point or contains a description of specific corrective actions.
The numbers in the boxes indicate the sequence in which the described actions should be performed.
Element checks
Element validation is performed when an element is tested in complex/complex pinpoint tests, or when the procedure is too complex to fit into a single pinpoint test page.
Graphic images
Graphic images illustrate the measurement or test that should be performed within a given test item. For voltmeters and ohmmeters, an image of a tester is used.
When a single graphic representation relates to several measurements, the test leads are first drawn as a solid line and then, starting from the point where the leads are divided, for the purpose of illustrating individual measurements, they (the leads) are drawn as a broken line.
The splitter box/testers are identified by a test pin in a double circle. The test pins are labeled with numbers.
NOTE: Dimensions are based on engineering design specifications with service life limits indicated where appropriate.
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