Diagnostics and testing 2.7L (Discovery 3)

Diesel fuel rail with common rail

The 2.7L engine's fuel injection system has a common rail and operates under high operating pressure of up to 1600 bar - typical for such systems.

The fuel volume control valve (FVCV) regulates the amount of fuel supplied to the high pressure fuel pump, and the fuel pressure control valve (FPCV) regulates the pressure.

Fuel is supplied under high pressure to the fuel manifold, where it accumulates to operate the injectors.

The engine control module (ECM) controls the piezoelectric fuel injectors based on input signals from the engine management system sensors.

The fuel injectors operate in stages, producing a pilot injection before the main injection to reduce knock noise and improve engine performance.

For more information, see Service Manual Section 303-04, Fuel Supply and Controls.

Inspection and verification

CAUTION: DO NOT perform any repair work on the fuel system while the engine is running. Fuel pressure in the system can reach 1600 bar. Failure to follow this instruction may result in personal injury.

CAUTION: Always wear eye protection when working on or around fuel related items. Failure to do so may result in personal injury.

CAUTION: This procedure involves handling fuel. Be prepared for possible fuel splashing and practice safe fuel handling. Failure to follow this instruction could result in personal injury.

CAUTION: When repairs are completed, visually inspect the fuel system for leaks. This should be done after the engine has been running but with the engine off. Failure to do so could result in personal injury.

CAUTION: If swallowed, DO NOT induce vomiting. Seek immediate medical attention. Failure to follow this instruction may result in injury.

WARNING: If fuel gets into your eyes, flush them with cold water or a special eye wash solution and seek medical attention. Failure to follow these instructions may result in personal injury.

CAUTION: Wash hands thoroughly after handling as prolonged contact may cause irritation. If irritation occurs, seek medical attention. Failure to follow this instruction may result in injury.

CAUTION: Before disconnecting any fuel system component, be sure to remove all dust and dirt from around the components to prevent dirt from entering the fuel system. Failure to do so may result in damage to the vehicle.

CAUTION: Fuel lines between the injectors and the fuel rail must be discarded after each use and new lines installed. Failure to do so may result in damage to the vehicle.

CAUTION: Therefore, absolute cleanliness must be observed when working with these elements. Open holes or lines must be closed with plugs. Failure to do so may result in damage to the vehicle.

CAUTION: Ensure that the area of the workshop where the vehicle is serviced is clean and dust-free. Areas where clutches, brakes, welding or machining are carried out are not suitable for this purpose due to the risk of contamination of the fuel system. Failure to do so may result in damage to the vehicle.

CAUTION: All protective clothing used must be clean and made of lint-free fabric. Failure to do so may result in damage to the vehicle.

WARNING: Protective gloves must be new and made of non-powdered latex. Failure to do so may result in damage to the vehicle.

Attention: Use only clean tools without electroplating. Clean your tools before using the car with a new brush, which does not fall out of the bristles, and a fresh cleaning agent. Failure to do so may result in damage to the vehicle.

CAUTION: Use a workbench with a steel tabletop that should be covered with a clean, lint-free cloth. Failure to do so may result in damage to the vehicle.

NOTE: When measuring voltage or resistance, always use a digital multimeter (DMM) with three decimal places of accuracy and a current calibration certificate. When measuring resistance, always include the resistance of the DMM leads.

1. Accurately define the problem stated by the customer.

2. Visually inspect for obvious mechanical and electrical faults.

Mechanical elements	Electrical elements
Fuel level Fuel contamination Fuel supply line(s) Fuel return line(s) High pressure fuel supply line(s) Fuel tank filler pipe Fuel leak(s) Fuel tank Fuel tank filler cap Fuel filter Push-to-connect fittings Fuel rail High pressure fuel pump Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System	Glow plug indicator light Inertial Fuel Shutoff Switch (IFS) Fuel pump module Sensor(s) Engine Control Module (ECM) Fuel Volume Control Valve (FVCV) Fuel Pressure Control Valve (FPCV) Fuel Rail Pressure (FRP) Sensor Fuel temperature sensor Fuel injector(s) EGR system

3. If an obvious cause for the fault identified or described by the customer is found, correct it before proceeding to further actions. (if possible).



4. Before referring to the symptom chart or DTC index, read all diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) using an approved diagnostic system or scan tool.

Clear all DTCs after troubleshooting.

Table of signs of malfunctions

Sign of malfunction	Possible reasons	Action taken
The crankshaft turns but the engine does not start	Inertia fuel switch Low fuel level/contamination Air intake Low pressure in the fuel system Fuel pump module malfunction Fuel filter clogged FVCV is blocked/contaminated FRCV is clogged/dirty High pressure fuel pump malfunction Crankshaft Position Sensor (CKP) ECM failure	Check for an inertia switch that has not been activated. Check fuel level/condition. Check the low-pressure fuel system circuit for leaks/damage. Check the fuel pump module operation. Check the fuel filter, FVCV, and FPCV for blockages or contamination. Check the high-pressure fuel pump. Refer to the appropriate section of the workshop manual for crankshaft position sensor circuit tests. If module failure is suspected, refer to the warranty policy and procedures manual.
Difficulty starting	Glow plug system malfunction (very low temperature conditions) Low fuel level/contamination Fuel pump module malfunction Air intake Low pressure in the fuel system Fuel filter clogged FVCV is blocked/contaminated FRCV is clogged/dirty Low pressure circuit malfunction EGR valve(s) faulty	Check glow plug circuits. Check fuel level/condition. Check fuel pump module operation, check low pressure fuel system circuit for leaks/damage. Check fuel filter, FVCV and FPCV for blockages or contamination. EGR valve checks are described in the relevant section of the workshop manual.
Uneven operation in idle mode	Air intake Low fuel level/contamination Low pressure in the fuel system Fuel filter clogged FVCV is blocked/contaminated FRCV is clogged/dirty EGR valve(s) faulty	Check the air intake system for leaks. Check the fuel level/condition. Check the low pressure fuel system circuit for leaks/damage. Check the fuel filter, FVCV and FPCV for blockages or contamination. EGR valve checks are described in the relevant section of the workshop manual.
Loss of power when accelerating	Air intake system malfunction Clogged exhaust system Low fuel pressure EGR valve(s) faulty Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT) Drive Malfunction	Check the air intake system. Check the exhaust system for leaks or blockages. Install new components if necessary. Check the fuel system pressure. EGR valve and VGT actuator checks are described in the relevant section of the service station manual.
Engine stops/stalls	Air intake Low fuel level/contamination Low pressure in the fuel system Fuel leak in the high pressure system FVCV is blocked/contaminated FRCV is clogged/dirty EGR valve(s) faulty	Check the air intake system for leaks. Check the fuel level/condition. Check the low-pressure fuel system circuit for leaks/damage. Check the FVCV and FPCV for blockages or contamination. Check the high-pressure fuel system for leaks. EGR valve checks are described in the relevant section of the workshop manual.
Engine jerking	Low fuel level/contamination Air intake Low pressure in the fuel system Fuel metering valve clogged/contaminated FVCV is blocked/contaminated FRCV is clogged/dirty Fuel leak in the high pressure system High pressure fuel pump malfunction	Check the fuel level/condition. Check the fuel system low pressure circuit for leaks/ damage. Check the FVCV and FPCV for blockage or contamination. Check the high-pressure fuel system for leaks. Check the high-pressure fuel pump. Refer to the corresponding section in the service station manual.
Excessive fuel consumption	Low pressure in the fuel system FVCV is blocked/contaminated FRCV is clogged/dirty Leak in fuel temperature sensor Fuel leak in the high pressure system Injector malfunction (ok) EGR valve(s) faulty	Check the low pressure fuel system circuit for leaks/damage. Check the FVCV and FPCV for blockages or contamination. Check the fuel temperature sensor, high pressure fuel pump, etc. for leaks. Check for injector related DTCs. EGR valve checks are described in the relevant section of the workshop manual.

DTC Index

NOTE: Generic scan tools may not be able to read the codes listed or may only be able to read 5-digit codes. Match the 5 digits from the scan tool with the first 5 digits of the listed 7-digit code to identify the fault. (the last 2 digits provide additional information readable by an approved diagnostic system).

NOTE: For a complete listing of ECM DTCs, refer to Section 303-14, Electronic Engine Control System, in the service manual.

Reboot by turning ignition off and on

The article is based on data from the website (LRMAN.ru)
There are references to "resetting by cycling the ignition" in the DTC index. This is the case when the module should be reset by cycling the power completely.

DTC	State	Possible reasons	Action taken
P000100	Open circuit in fuel supply regulator control circuit	Fuel Control Valve (VCV) Circuit High Resistance VCV valve circuit open VCV valve failure	NOTE: An open circuit will prevent the engine from running. Refer to electrical manuals and check fuel control valve and circuits. Check valve resistance and install a new high pressure fuel pump if resistance is not in the range of 1.5 - 15 ohms. (the fuel control valve cannot be serviced separately.). Clear DTCs and check for proper operation. If you have any doubts about the high pressure pump, refer to the warranty policy and procedures manual.
P000200	Fuel Volume Regulator Control Circuit Range/Performance Problems	Fuel Control Valve (VCV) Circuit High Resistance VCV Circuit Short to Ground VCV electrical circuit: short circuit to battery + VCV valve failure	NOTE: An open circuit will prevent the engine from running. Refer to the electrical manuals and check the fuel control valve and circuits. Check the resistance of the valve and install a new high-pressure fuel pump if the resistance is not in the range of 1.5 - 15 ohms. (the fuel control valve cannot be serviced separately.). Clear DTCs and check for proper operation. If you have any doubts about the high pressure pump, refer to the warranty policy and procedures manual.
P000300	Low voltage in the fuel pressure regulator control circuit	Fuel Control Valve (VCV) Circuit High Resistance VCV Circuit Short to Ground VCV valve failure ECM failure	NOTE: An open circuit will prevent the engine from running. Refer to the electrical manuals and check the fuel control valve and circuits. Check the resistance of the valve and install a new high-pressure fuel pump if the resistance is not in the range of 1.5 - 15 ohms. (the fuel control valve cannot be serviced separately.). Clear DTCs and check for proper operation. If you have any doubts about the high pressure pump, refer to the warranty policy and procedures manual.
P000400	High voltage in fuel quantity regulator control circuit	Fuel Control Valve (VCV) Circuit Short to Battery Positive VCV valve failure ECM failure	Refer to the electrical manuals and check the fuel control valve and circuits. Check the resistance of the valve and install a new high-pressure fuel pump if the resistance is not in the range of 1.5 - 15 ohms. (the fuel control valve cannot be serviced separately.). Clear DTCs and check for proper operation. If you have any doubts about the high pressure pump, refer to the warranty policy and procedures manual.
P008700	Fuel rail/system pressure too low	Fuel Rail Pressure (FRP) Sensor Disconnected FRP Sensor to ECM Signal Circuit Short to Ground FRP Sensor Power Circuit: High Resistance FRP sensor failure Leak in the fuel line Reducing the capacity of the fuel line Fuel Pump Module Circuit High Resistance Fuel Pump Module Circuit Short to Ground Fuel pump module malfunction Fuel injection valve malfunction Pressure control valve malfunction	Refer to the electrical equipment manual and check the fuel manifold pressure sensor circuits. Checks of the fuel manifold pressure sensor are described in the corresponding section of the service station manual. Check the fuel system's low pressure lines for leaks/ damage. Check the fuel system pressure. Check the circuits and operation of the low-pressure fuel pump module. Check the fuel manifold and high-pressure fuel line for leaks. Check for DTC codes for the VCV and PCV valves, and correct the problem if necessary.
P008800	Fuel rail/system pressure too high	Wiring from Fuel Rail Pressure (FRP) Sensor to ECM (power/read): short circuit on each other Signal circuit between FRP sensor and ECM: short circuit to battery + FRP sensor failure Fuel Pressure Control Valve (FPCV) Malfunction Fuel Pump Module Electrical Circuit: Short to Battery Positive Fuel pump module malfunction	Check the FRP sensor circuits. Refer to the electrical manual. Fuel rail pressure sensor tests are described in the appropriate section of the workshop manual. Check the fuel lines, fuel pressure, fuel pump module circuits.
P009000	Fuel Pressure Regulator Control Circuit Open 1	Fuel Pressure Control Valve (PCV) Circuit High Resistance FPCV Circuit Short to Ground PCV valve malfunction	Check the fuel pressure control valve and electrical circuits. Refer to the electrical manual. Check the resistance of the fuel pressure control valve. If the resistance is not in the range of 0 - 5.4 ohms, install a new high-pressure fuel pump. (the fuel pressure control valve cannot be serviced separately). Refer to the appropriate section in the service manual. If you have any doubts about the high pressure pump, refer to the warranty policy and procedures manual. Clear DTCs and check for proper operation.
P009100	Low voltage in fuel pressure regulator control circuit 1	Fuel Pressure Control Valve (FPC) Circuit High Resistance PCV Circuit Short to Ground PCV valve malfunction	Check the fuel pressure control valve and electrical circuits. Refer to the electrical manual. Check the resistance of the fuel pressure control valve. If the resistance is not in the range of 0 - 5.4 ohms, install a new high-pressure fuel pump. (the fuel pressure control valve cannot be serviced separately). Refer to the appropriate section in the service manual. If you have any doubts about the high pressure pump, refer to the warranty policy and procedures manual. Clear DTCs and check for proper operation.
P009200	High voltage in fuel pressure regulator control circuit 1	Fuel Pressure Control Valve (FPCV) Electrical Circuit: Short to Battery + PCV valve malfunction	Check the fuel pressure control valve and electrical circuits. Refer to the electrical manual. Check the resistance of the fuel pressure control valve. If the resistance is not in the range of 0 - 5.4 ohms, install a new high-pressure fuel pump. (the fuel pressure control valve cannot be serviced separately). Refer to the appropriate section in the service manual. If you have any doubts about the high pressure pump, refer to the warranty policy and procedures manual. Clear DTCs and check for proper operation.
P018100	Fuel Temperature Sensor A Circuit Range/Performance Problem	Fuel Temperature Sensor Circuit High Resistance Fuel Temperature Sensor Circuit: Short to Ground Fuel Temperature Sensor Circuit: Short to Battery + Fuel temperature sensor malfunction	Check the fuel temperature sensor and circuits. Refer to the electrical manuals. Check the fuel temperature using the data logger function. Make sure the fuel temperature is below 30°C. Start the engine and allow it to warm up for 10 minutes. Check the fuel temperature again. If the value has not increased by more than 8°C at this point, install a new sensor. Refer to the appropriate section in the workshop manual. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P018200	Fuel Temperature Sensor Circuit A Low Input Voltage	Fuel Temperature Sensor Circuit High Resistance Fuel Temperature Sensor Circuit: Short to Ground Fuel temperature sensor malfunction	Check the fuel temperature sensor and circuits. Refer to the electrical manuals. Check the fuel temperature using the data logger function. Make sure the fuel temperature is below 30°C. Start the engine and allow it to warm up for 10 minutes. Check the fuel temperature again. If the value has not increased by more than 8°C at this point, install a new sensor. Refer to the appropriate section in the workshop manual. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P018300	Fuel Temperature Sensor Circuit A High Input Voltage	Fuel Temperature Sensor Circuit: Short to Battery + Fuel temperature sensor malfunction	Check the fuel temperature sensor and circuits. Refer to the electrical manual. Check the fuel temperature using the data logger function. Make sure the fuel temperature is below 30°C. Start the engine and allow it to warm up for 10 minutes. Check the fuel temperature again. If the value has not increased by more than 8°C at this point, install a new sensor. Refer to the relevant section in the workshop manual. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P018400	Intermittent signal in the electrical circuit of the fuel temperature sensor A	Fuel Temperature Sensor Circuit High Resistance Fuel Temperature Sensor Circuit: Short to Ground Fuel Temperature Sensor Circuit: Short to Battery + Fuel temperature sensor malfunction	Check the fuel temperature sensor and circuits. Refer to the electrical manual. Check the fuel temperature using the data logger function. Make sure the fuel temperature is below 30°C. Start the engine and allow it to warm up for 10 minutes. Check the fuel temperature again. If the value has not increased by more than 8°C at this point, install a new sensor. Refer to the relevant section in the workshop manual. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P019100	Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor A Circuit Range/Performance Problem	Air in the fuel system, unable to maintain correct fuel pressure at start-up.	NOTE: If code P229000 is also logged, troubleshoot that code first. Check fuel level and condition and adjust low pressure fuel line connections. (incorrect connection of lines going to and from the fuel filter can cause serious fluctuations in fuel pressure.). Check the fuel system, including all lines and components for leaks/air. Bleed the fuel system. Clear DTCs and check for proper operation.
P019200	Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor A Circuit Low Voltage	Fuel Rail Pressure (FRP) Sensor Circuit High Resistance FRP Sensor Circuit Short to Ground FRP sensor failure	Check the FRP sensor and electrical circuits. Refer to the electrical manuals. Start the engine and let it idle. Check the fuel pressure using the data logger function. If the pressure is 0 MPa, install a new sensor. Refer to the relevant section in the workshop manual. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P019300	Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor A Circuit High Voltage	Fuel Rail Pressure (FRP) Sensor Circuit Short to Battery FRP sensor failure	Check the FRP sensor and electrical circuits. Refer to the electrical manuals. Start the engine and let it idle. Check the fuel pressure using the data logger function. If the pressure is greater than 180 MPa, install a new sensor. Refer to the relevant section in the workshop manual. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P019400	Intermittent/erratic signal in the electrical circuit of the fuel rail pressure sensor A	Fuel Rail Pressure (FRP) Sensor Circuit High Resistance FRP Sensor Circuit Short to Ground FRP sensor electrical circuit: short circuit to battery + FRP sensor failure	Check the FRP sensor and electrical circuits. Refer to the electrical manuals. Start the engine and let it idle. Check the fuel pressure using the data logger function. Increase the engine speed to 2,000 rpm and check the fuel pressure again. If the pressure has changed by more than 40 MPa in 10 ms, install a new sensor. Refer to the relevant section in the workshop manual. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P020100	Open circuit of injector cylinder 1	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Fuel injector malfunction	When performing the following steps, clear the DTCs and retest after each step. Turn the ignition off and wait 20 seconds before turning the ignition back on to retest for DTCs. Check for loose connections. Disconnect the injector and check the resistance and capacitance of the injector. If the resistance is not between 180 and 220 kOhms or the capacitance is 3 microfarads or less, install a new injector. If the injector specifications are normal, check the injector circuits for a short to ground, a short to battery, and high resistance. Refer to the electrical manuals. Repair/replace as necessary. Clear the DTCs and test for proper operation.
P020200	Open circuit of injector cylinder 2	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Fuel injector malfunction	When performing the following steps, clear the DTCs and recheck after each step. Turn the ignition off and wait 20 seconds before turning the ignition back on to recheck for DTCs. Check for loose connections. Disconnect the injector and check the resistance and capacitance of the injector. If the resistance is not between 180 and 220 kOhm, or the capacitance is 3 microfarads or less, install a new injector. If the injector specifications are normal, check the injector circuits for a short to ground, a short to battery, and high resistance. Refer to the electrical manual. Repair/replace as necessary. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P020300	Open circuit of injector cylinder 3	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Fuel injector malfunction	When performing the following steps, clear the DTCs and recheck after each step. Turn the ignition off and wait 20 seconds before turning the ignition back on to recheck for DTCs. Check for loose connections. Disconnect the injector and check the resistance and capacitance of the injector. If the resistance is not between 180 and 220 kOhm, or the capacitance is 3 microfarads or less, install a new injector. If the injector specifications are normal, check the injector circuits for a short to ground, a short to battery, and high resistance. Refer to the electrical manual. Repair/replace as necessary. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P020400	Open circuit of injector cylinder 4	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Fuel injector malfunction	When performing the following steps, clear the DTCs and recheck after each step. Turn the ignition off and wait 20 seconds before turning the ignition back on to recheck for DTCs. Check for loose connections. Disconnect the injector and check the resistance and capacitance of the injector. If the resistance is not between 180 and 220 kOhm, or the capacitance is 3 microfarads or less, install a new injector. If the injector specifications are normal, check the injector circuits for a short to ground, a short to battery, and high resistance. Refer to the electrical manual. Repair/replace as necessary. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P020500	Open circuit of injector cylinder 5	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Fuel injector malfunction	When performing the following steps, clear the DTCs and recheck after each step. Turn the ignition off and wait 20 seconds before turning the ignition back on to recheck for DTCs. Check for loose connections. Disconnect the injector and check the resistance and capacitance of the injector. If the resistance is not between 180 and 220 kOhm, or the capacitance is 3 microfarads or less, install a new injector. If the injector specifications are normal, check the injector circuits for a short to ground, a short to battery, and high resistance. Refer to the electrical manual. Repair/replace as necessary. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P020600	Open circuit of injector cylinder 6	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Fuel injector malfunction	When performing the following steps, clear the DTCs and recheck after each step. Turn the ignition off and wait 20 seconds before turning the ignition back on to recheck for DTCs. Check for loose connections. Disconnect the injector and check the resistance and capacitance of the injector. If the resistance is not between 180 and 220 kOhm, or the capacitance is 3 microfarads or less, install a new injector. If the injector specifications are normal, check the injector circuits for a short to ground, a short to battery, and high resistance. Refer to the electrical manual. Repair/replace as necessary. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P020A00	Injection advance in cylinder #1	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Fuel injector malfunction	When performing the following steps, clear the DTCs and recheck after each step. Turn the ignition off and wait 20 seconds before turning the ignition back on to recheck for DTCs. Check for loose connections. Disconnect the injector and check the resistance and capacitance of the injector. If the resistance is not between 180 and 220 kOhm, or the capacitance is 3 microfarads or less, install a new injector. If the injector specifications are normal, check the injector circuits for a short to ground, a short to battery, and high resistance. Refer to the electrical manual. Repair/replace as necessary. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P020B00	Injection advance in cylinder #2	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Fuel injector malfunction	When performing the following steps, clear the DTCs and recheck after each step. Turn the ignition off and wait 20 seconds before turning the ignition back on to recheck for DTCs. Check for loose connections. Disconnect the injector and check the resistance and capacitance of the injector. If the resistance is not between 180 and 220 kOhm, or the capacitance is 3 microfarads or less, install a new injector. If the injector specifications are normal, check the injector circuits for a short to ground, a short to battery, and high resistance. Refer to the electrical manual. Repair/replace as necessary. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P020C00	Injection advance in cylinder #3	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Fuel injector malfunction	When performing the following steps, clear the DTCs and recheck after each step. Turn the ignition off and wait 20 seconds before turning the ignition back on to recheck for DTCs. Check for loose connections. Disconnect the injector and check the resistance and capacitance of the injector. If the resistance is not between 180 and 220 kOhm, or the capacitance is 3 microfarads or less, install a new injector. If the injector specifications are normal, check the injector circuits for a short to ground, a short to battery, and high resistance. Refer to the electrical manual. Repair/replace as necessary. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P020D00	Injection advance in cylinder #4	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Fuel injector malfunction	When performing the following steps, clear the DTCs and recheck after each step. Turn the ignition off and wait 20 seconds before turning the ignition back on to recheck for DTCs. Check for loose connections. Disconnect the injector and check the resistance and capacitance of the injector. If the resistance is not between 180 and 220 kOhm, or the capacitance is 3 microfarads or less, install a new injector. If the injector specifications are normal, check the injector circuits for a short to ground, a short to battery, and high resistance. Refer to the electrical manual. Repair/replace as necessary. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P020E00	Injection advance in cylinder #5	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Fuel injector malfunction	When performing the following steps, clear the DTCs and recheck after each step. Turn the ignition off and wait 20 seconds before turning the ignition back on to recheck for DTCs. Check for loose connections. Disconnect the injector and check the resistance and capacitance of the injector. If the resistance is not between 180 and 220 kOhm, or the capacitance is 3 microfarads or less, install a new injector. If the injector specifications are normal, check the injector circuits for a short to ground, a short to battery, and high resistance. Refer to the electrical manual. Repair/replace as necessary. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P020F00	Injection advance in cylinder #6	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Fuel injector malfunction	When performing the following steps, clear the DTCs and recheck after each step. Turn the ignition off and wait 20 seconds before turning the ignition back on to recheck for DTCs. Check for loose connections. Disconnect the injector and check the resistance and capacitance of the injector. If the resistance is not between 180 and 220 kOhm, or the capacitance is 3 microfarads or less, install a new injector. If the injector specifications are normal, check the injector circuits for a short to ground, a short to battery, and high resistance. Refer to the electrical manual. Repair/replace as necessary. Clear the DTCs and check for proper operation.
P029A00	Cylinder #1 - Maximum Fuel Trim Limit	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Injector leak Low compression in cylinder: Leak at injector to cylinder contact, Leak at glow plug to cylinder contact, Mechanical failure, valve, piston/ring, etc. Injector malfunction	Inspect the injector circuit according to the electrical manual. Inspect the injector and surrounding area for signs of fuel leakage. Disconnect the injector and inspect it for signs of fuel leakage at the connector. Repair if necessary. Clear the DTCs. Reconnect the injector and start the engine. Allow the engine to warm up to above 60°C and idle (cylinder balance diagnostics are now active). If the DTC reappears, check the cylinder for leaks and correct the problem. Clear the DTCs and retest. Perform a compression test only if the DTC reappears. If all of the above tests are within the specified range, install a new injector.
P029B00	Cylinder #1 - Minimum Fuel Trim Limit	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Injector leak Low compression in cylinder: Leak at injector to cylinder contact, Leak at glow plug to cylinder contact, Mechanical failure, valve, piston/ring, etc. Injector malfunction	Inspect the injector circuit according to the electrical manual. Inspect the injector and surrounding area for signs of fuel leakage. Disconnect the injector and inspect it for signs of fuel leakage at the connector. Repair if necessary. Clear the DTCs. Reconnect the injector and start the engine. Allow the engine to warm up to above 60°C and idle (cylinder balance diagnostics are now active). If the DTC reappears, check the cylinder for leaks and correct the problem. Clear the DTCs and retest. Perform a compression test only if the DTC reappears. If all of the above tests are within the specified range, install a new injector.
P029E00	Cylinder #2 - Maximum Fuel Trim Limit	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Injector leak Low compression in cylinder: Leak at injector to cylinder contact, Leak at glow plug to cylinder contact, Mechanical failure, valve, piston/ring, etc. Injector malfunction	Inspect the injector circuit according to the electrical manual. Inspect the injector and surrounding area for signs of fuel leakage. Disconnect the injector and inspect it for signs of fuel leakage at the connector. Repair if necessary. Clear the DTCs. Reconnect the injector and start the engine. Allow the engine to warm up to above 60°C and idle (cylinder balance diagnostics are now active). If the DTC reappears, check the cylinder for leaks and correct the problem. Clear the DTCs and retest. Perform a compression test only if the DTC reappears. If all of the above tests are within the specified range, install a new injector.
P029F00	Cylinder #2 - Minimum Fuel Trim Limit	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Injector leak Low compression in the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the injector and the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the glow plug and the cylinder Mechanical failure, valve, piston/ring, etc. Injector malfunction	Inspect the injector circuit according to the electrical manual. Inspect the injector and surrounding area for signs of fuel leakage. Disconnect the injector and inspect it for signs of fuel leakage at the connector. Repair if necessary. Clear the DTCs. Reconnect the injector and start the engine. Allow the engine to warm up to above 60°C and idle (cylinder balance diagnostics are now active). If the DTC reappears, check the cylinder for leaks and correct the problem. Clear the DTCs and retest. Perform a compression test only if the DTC reappears. If all of the above tests are within the specified range, install a new injector.
P02A200	Cylinder #3 - Maximum Fuel Trim Limit	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Injector leak Low compression in the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the injector and the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the glow plug and the cylinder Mechanical failure, valve, piston/ring, etc. Injector malfunction	Inspect the injector circuit according to the electrical manual. Inspect the injector and surrounding area for signs of fuel leakage. Disconnect the injector and inspect it for signs of fuel leakage at the connector. Repair if necessary. Clear the DTCs. Reconnect the injector and start the engine. Allow the engine to warm up to above 60°C and idle (cylinder balance diagnostics are now active). If the DTC reappears, check the cylinder for leaks and correct the problem. Clear the DTCs and retest. Perform a compression test only if the DTC reappears. If all of the above tests are within the specified range, install a new injector.
P02A300	Cylinder #3 - Minimum Fuel Trim Limit	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Injector leak Low compression in the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the injector and the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the glow plug and the cylinder Mechanical failure, valve, piston/ring, etc. Injector malfunction	Inspect the injector circuit according to the electrical manual. Inspect the injector and surrounding area for signs of fuel leakage. Disconnect the injector and inspect it for signs of fuel leakage at the connector. Repair if necessary. Clear the DTCs. Reconnect the injector and start the engine. Allow the engine to warm up to above 60°C and idle (cylinder balance diagnostics are now active). If the DTC reappears, check the cylinder for leaks and correct the problem. Clear the DTCs and retest. Perform a compression test only if the DTC reappears. If all of the above tests are within the specified range, install a new injector.
P02A600	Cylinder #4 - Maximum Fuel Trim Limit	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Injector leak Low compression in the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the injector and the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the glow plug and the cylinder Mechanical failure, valve, piston/ring, etc. Injector malfunction	Inspect the injector circuit according to the electrical manual. Inspect the injector and surrounding area for signs of fuel leakage. Disconnect the injector and inspect it for signs of fuel leakage at the connector. Repair if necessary. Clear the DTCs. Reconnect the injector and start the engine. Allow the engine to warm up to above 60°C and idle (cylinder balance diagnostics are now active). If the DTC reappears, check the cylinder for leaks and correct the problem. Clear the DTCs and retest. Perform a compression test only if the DTC reappears. If all of the above tests are within the specified range, install a new injector.
P02A700	Cylinder #4 - Minimum Fuel Trim Limit	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Injector leak Low compression in the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the injector and the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the glow plug and the cylinder Mechanical failure, valve, piston/ring, etc. Injector malfunction	Inspect the injector circuit according to the electrical manual. Inspect the injector and surrounding area for signs of fuel leakage. Disconnect the injector and inspect it for signs of fuel leakage at the connector. Repair if necessary. Clear the DTCs. Reconnect the injector and start the engine. Allow the engine to warm up to above 60°C and idle (cylinder balance diagnostics are now active). If the DTC reappears, check the cylinder for leaks and correct the problem. Clear the DTCs and retest. Perform a compression test only if the DTC reappears. If all of the above tests are within the specified range, install a new injector.
P02AA00	Cylinder #5 - Maximum Fuel Trim Limit	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Injector leak Low compression in the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the injector and the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the glow plug and the cylinder Mechanical failure, valve, piston/ring, etc. Injector malfunction	Inspect the injector circuit according to the electrical manual. Inspect the injector and surrounding area for signs of fuel leakage. Disconnect the injector and inspect it for signs of fuel leakage at the connector. Repair if necessary. Clear the DTCs. Reconnect the injector and start the engine. Allow the engine to warm up to above 60°C and idle (cylinder balance diagnostics are now active). If the DTC reappears, check the cylinder for leaks and correct the problem. Clear the DTCs and retest. Perform a compression test only if the DTC reappears. If all of the above tests are within the specified range, install a new injector.
P02AB00	Cylinder #5 - Minimum Fuel Trim Limit	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Injector leak Low compression in the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the injector and the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the glow plug and the cylinder Mechanical failure, valve, piston/ring, etc. Injector malfunction	Inspect the injector circuit according to the electrical manual. Inspect the injector and surrounding area for signs of fuel leakage. Disconnect the injector and inspect it for signs of fuel leakage at the connector. Repair if necessary. Clear the DTCs. Reconnect the injector and start the engine. Allow the engine to warm up to above 60°C and idle (cylinder balance diagnostics are now active). If the DTC reappears, check the cylinder for leaks and correct the problem. Clear the DTCs and retest. Perform a compression test only if the DTC reappears. If all of the above tests are within the specified range, install a new injector.
P02AE00	Cylinder #6 - Maximum Fuel Trim Limit	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Injector leak Low compression in the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the injector and the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the glow plug and the cylinder Mechanical failure, valve, piston/ring, etc. Injector malfunction	Inspect the injector circuit according to the electrical manual. Inspect the injector and surrounding area for signs of fuel leakage. Disconnect the injector and inspect it for signs of fuel leakage at the connector. Repair if necessary. Clear the DTCs. Reconnect the injector and start the engine. Allow the engine to warm up to above 60°C and idle (cylinder balance diagnostics are now active). If the DTC reappears, check the cylinder for leaks and correct the problem. Clear the DTCs and retest. Perform a compression test only if the DTC reappears. If all of the above tests are within the specified range, install a new injector.
P02AF00	Cylinder #6 - Minimum Fuel Trim Limit	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Injector leak Low compression in the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the injector and the cylinder Leak at the point of contact between the glow plug and the cylinder Mechanical failure, valve, piston/ring, etc. Injector malfunction	Inspect the injector circuit according to the electrical manual. Inspect the injector and surrounding area for signs of fuel leakage. Disconnect the injector and inspect it for signs of fuel leakage at the connector. Repair if necessary. Clear the DTCs. Reconnect the injector and start the engine. Allow the engine to warm up to above 60°C and idle (cylinder balance diagnostics are now active). If the DTC reappears, check the cylinder for leaks and correct the problem. Clear the DTCs and retest. Perform a compression test only if the DTC reappears. If all of the above tests are within the specified range, install a new injector.
P062D00	Problems in the operation of the electrical circuit of the injectors, row 1	The injector(s) is disconnected Injector electrical circuit: high resistance, short to ground, short to battery Injector malfunction ECM failure	Refer to the electrical manual and check the injector circuits. Repair if necessary. Clear DTCs and check for proper operation. Refer to the appropriate section in the service manual. If a module fault is suspected, refer to the warranty policy and procedures manual.
P062D01	Fuel Injector Control Circuit Parameters, Bank 1	Short circuit in the injector(s) Injector electrical circuit: high resistance, short to ground, short to power Injector malfunction ECM failure	If a no-start condition exists, check the injector circuits for shorts. If erratic, check for intermittent opens or high resistance in the injector circuits. If no wiring faults are found, perform injector flood tests using the recommended diagnostic equipment. Perform the recommended actions based on the flood test results.
P062E00	Problems in the operation of the electrical circuit of the injectors, row 2	The injector(s) is disconnected Injector electrical circuit: high resistance, short to ground, short to battery Injector malfunction ECM failure	Refer to the electrical manual and check the injector circuits. Repair if necessary. Clear DTCs and check for proper operation. Refer to the appropriate section in the service manual. If a module fault is suspected, refer to the warranty policy and procedures manual.
P062E01	Fuel Injector Control Circuit Parameters, Bank 2	Short circuit in the injector(s) Injector electrical circuit: high resistance, short to ground, short to power Injector malfunction ECM failure	If a no-start condition exists, check the injector circuits for shorts. If erratic, check for intermittent opens or high resistance in the injector circuits. If no wiring faults are found, perform injector flood tests using the recommended diagnostic equipment. Perform the recommended actions based on the flood test results.
P120000	Operating range/injector characteristics	Injector circuit: high resistance Injector circuit: short circuit to ground Injector circuit: short circuit to battery + Fuel injector leak Fuel injector malfunction ECM failure	Refer to the electrical manual and check the injector circuits. Refer to the appropriate section in the service manual. If a module fault is suspected, refer to the warranty policy and procedures manual.
P155100	Cylinder 1 Injector Circuit Range/Performance Problems	The injector is disconnected Injector electrical circuit: high resistance, short to ground, short to battery Injector malfunction	Check the injector electrical circuits. Refer to the electrical equipment manual. Repair if necessary. Refer to the appropriate section in the service station manual.
P155200	Cylinder 2 Injector Circuit Range/Performance Problems	The injector is disconnected Injector electrical circuit: high resistance, short to ground, short to battery Injector malfunction	Check the injector electrical circuits. Refer to the electrical equipment manual. Repair if necessary. Refer to the appropriate section in the service station manual.
P155300	Cylinder 3 Injector Circuit Range/Performance Problems	The injector is disconnected Injector electrical circuit: high resistance, short to ground, short to battery Injector malfunction	Check the injector electrical circuits. Refer to the electrical equipment manual. Repair if necessary. Refer to the appropriate section in the service station manual.
P155400	Cylinder 4 Injector Circuit Range/Performance Problems	The injector is disconnected Injector electrical circuit: high resistance, short to ground, short to battery Injector malfunction	Check the injector electrical circuits. Refer to the electrical equipment manual. Repair if necessary. Refer to the appropriate section in the service station manual.
P155400	Cylinder 5 Injector Circuit Range/Performance Problems	The injector is disconnected Injector electrical circuit: high resistance, short to ground, short to battery Injector malfunction	Check the injector electrical circuits. Refer to the electrical equipment manual. Repair if necessary. Refer to the appropriate section in the service station manual.
P155600	Cylinder 6 Injector Circuit Range/Performance Problems	The injector is disconnected Injector electrical circuit: high resistance, short to ground, short to battery Injector malfunction	Check the injector electrical circuits. Refer to the electrical equipment manual. Repair if necessary. Refer to the appropriate section in the service station manual.
P156300	Engine stop request from high pressure fuel pump control module	Internal Control Module Monitoring Characteristics	Clear DTCs. Cycle ignition to perform a reset by turning the ignition off and on and retest. If DTCs are generated again when the module is suspected, refer to the warranty policy and procedures manual.
P226900	Presence of water in fuel	Presence of water in fuel Water in Fuel Sensor Circuit Short to Ground Water in fuel sensor malfunction	Drain the condensate from the fuel filter. Clear the DTCs and retest. If the trouble code returns, check the sensor circuit. Refer to the electrical manual. If no faults were found in the electrical circuits, install a new sensor.
P228800	Injector control pressure too high	Fuel Pressure Control Valve (FPCV) Minimum Limit Reached Injector control pressure too high FPCV electrical circuit malfunction FPCV malfunction Fuel Pump Module Electrical Circuit: Short to Battery Positive Fuel pump module malfunction High pressure fuel pump malfunction	Check fuel pressure, refer to the relevant section of the workshop manual. Check the fuel pump module and FPCV circuits. Refer to the electrical manual. High pressure fuel pump and FPCV checks are described in the relevant section of the workshop manual.
P229000	Injector control pressure too low	Fuel Pressure Control Valve (FPCV) maximum limit reached Injector control pressure too low Leak in the fuel line Reduced fuel filter/fuel system flow capacity FPCV electrical circuit malfunction FPCV malfunction Fuel Pump Module Circuit Short to Ground Fuel pump module malfunction High pressure fuel pump malfunction	Check fuel pressure, refer to the relevant section of the workshop manual. Check the fuel pump module and FPCV circuits. Refer to the electrical manual. High pressure fuel pump and FPCV checks are described in the relevant section of the workshop manual.
P229200	Injector control pressure fluctuations	Injector control pressure fluctuations FPCV electrical circuit malfunction FPCV malfunction Fuel Pump Module Circuit High Resistance, Short to Ground, Short to Battery Fuel pump module malfunction High pressure fuel pump malfunction	Check fuel pressure, refer to the relevant section of the workshop manual. Check the fuel pump module and FPCV circuits. Refer to the electrical manual. High pressure fuel pump and FPCV checks are described in the relevant section of the workshop manual.